The basic particle of an electromagnetic wave is referred to as a photon in the same way that a proton or neutron is a little packet of mass, a photon of light is a little packet of energy. This means that the electromagnetic waves that make up light can also display properties that one would not associate with a wave, but with particles of matter. Energy quantization is a consequence of wave particle duality, which is part of the fundamental nature of electromagnetic waves. The main science behind atomic line spectra lies in energy quantization. This result is again a consequence of the quantization of energy. For an absorption spectra, it is the opposite: atoms will only absorb light that has energy that is equal to one of the gaps between the energy levels, so when the light that was shined on the atom is analyzed, there will be dark bands that correspond to the light that had an energy that could be absorbed by the atom. Only light that has energy that is exactly equal to these gaps will show up in the spectra. When a photon drops from an excited state to a lower state, it gives off a photon with energy equal to that energy difference. An emission spectrum corresponds to the frequencies of photons that have an amount of energy that is equal to the energy spacing between atomic energy levels. An emission spectrum will be a dark band with a few lines of color, and an absorption spectrum will be a colored band with a few dark lines in it. They are colored bands, representing different frequencies of light. Atomic line spectra are a method of visualizing the different frequencies at which different atoms absorb and emit light. The principle that causes such specific wavelengths of light to be emitted can be explained by atomic line spectra. For practical purposes, there are over 50 different types of hollow cathode lamps available on the market. The relaxation back down to less energetic states causes the emission of wavelengths of light specific to the metal on the cathode. As these ions collide with each other, they will be excited to higher energy states. Sputtering is a technical term for ejection of atoms from solid material. These highly energetic charged particles smack into the cathode, causing excited metal ions to sputter off. ![]() Here, ionization is the process where heating breaks the bonds between gas molecules, turning individual atoms into plasma-charged particles composed of positive ions and negative electrons. The glass chamber is filled with an inert gas, which is ionized at low pressure by application of a very high voltage. The mechanism by which a hollow cathode lamp works is actually rather simple. How Hollow Cathode Lamps Work… … the mechanics Without the hollow cathode lamp, sharp absorption peaks due to isolated wavelengths would be much more difficult to obtain. ![]() Through the principle of quantization of energy, a hollow cathode lamp emits very specific wavelengths of light that then is transmitted through the sample of interest to determine concentration of the desired analyte. This technique is heavily dependent on hollow cathode lamps as a light source. A widely used technique in analytical chemistry is atomic absorption spectroscopy, which is a method of determining the concentration of a particular metal element in a solution.
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